Byzantine Generals Problem

From this post by FlatOutCrypto (19-4-2018):

"One of the greatest problems in distributed networks is therefore how to achieve this reliability, despite not being able to know which individual users may be trusted. To accomplish this, the consensus algorithm must be resistant to both unreliable and/or malicious actors attempting to hijack the network – even if said actors make up a large proportion of the network. How can a group of uncoordinated actors reach an agreement on a strategy to avoid failure when they know that some, even many, users will be unreliable and they have no way of trusting each other?

This problem, also known as the Byzantine Generals Problem, was a challenge first posed in 1982:

Imagine there are a group of Generals who together aim to conquer a hostile city.

The Generals are uncoordinated and geographically dispersed - communication is restricted so that each General does not know what the others are doing
Each General needs to vote to either attack or retreat, but communication is complicated because each may vote for different options and messengers delivering commands may deliver incorrect information, the information out of order, or fail to deliver entirely
To succeed in taking the city, all Generals must attack at the same time. To do this, the Generals need to be able to come to some sort of consensus to allow them to simultaneously attack despite these issues

This example directly applies to distributed systems. Any decentralized, distributed system must solve the problem that a disparate group of geographically dispersed users who do not know (or trust) each other must work together to attain agreement without succumbing to the malicious or unreliable actors threatening the network.

Solving this problem was an important breakthrough in computing science because it enabled a means of providing trust which was predicated upon not needing to trust anyone individually, but creating trust collectively. This deceptively simple achievement has spawned a new industry, paved the way for thousands of competing projects and generated interest and participation on a global scale."